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Therefore, we used 183 PCC samples and 3 control samples to establish a ceRNA network based on correlation analysis, which included 23 lncRNAs, 22 mRNAs, and 6 miRNAs. Furthermore, a genome-wide analysis of ceRNA networks in PCC is lacking. Studies have shown that lncRNAs mainly act as “signal” or “inducible” molecules that bind to proteins and DNA to alter biological function or control gene expression however, the biological functions of lncRNA in ceRNA networks is varied. For example, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is an important breast cancer prognostic factor, for which Herceptin, a targeted therapeutic for HER2-positive (over-expressed or amplified) has been manufactured. Theoretically, lncRNAs could also play a role in clinical treatment by changing the expression of their corresponding ceRNAs.
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Additionally, ceRNAs have been shown to play tumor suppressive or cancer-promoting role in different contexts. In renal clear cell carcinoma, cell lines that highly express miR-21 are highly proliferative, while cells that are experimentally manipulated to overexpress PTENP1, which reduces miR-21 levels, show reduced proliferation and invasion. Previous studies have shown that ceRNAs play important roles in the occurrence and prognosis of different malignancies. Studying the regulatory mechanism of ceRNAs has important clinical significance, such as the analysis of the molecular mechanisms of cancer, and such studies can be of great significance for diagnosis, treatment, and drug development. This mechanism of action is called the ceRNA mechanism. Some lncRNAs have binding sites with microRNAs and act as miRNA sponges, thus releasing miRNAs from target genes and increasing the expression level of target genes.
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Recent studies have shown that genes have multiple modes of action in transcriptional regulation. This hypothesis posited that lncRNAs were not a new RNA molecule, but rather a novel regulatory mechanism.
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put forward the hypothesis of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in 2011, we have a deeper understanding of the relationship between RNA interactions. It has been assumed that differentially regulated lncRNAs may be related to survival and prognosis in different cancers, but this has not been directly tested for PCC. In recent years, research into lncRNAs has progressed rapidly, but the function of most lncRNAs remains unclear. LncRNAs also participate in cell differentiation and ontogeny regulation at multiple levels and are closely related to disease states. Nevertheless, recent studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs are involved in genomic imprinting, transcriptional activation, X-inactivation, transcriptional interference, chromatin modification and nuclear transport. LncRNAs were originally thought to be genomic transcriptional “junk” that were a by-product of RNA polymerase II and without biological function. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNA that encompass a complex variety of biological species. Meanwhile, two of the 23 lncRNAs (C9orf147 and BSN-AS2) were identified as independent predictors of overall survival in PCC patients (P 90% of the human genome can be transcribed, although only 1%–2% of these genes encode proteins. Subsequently, 23 lncRNAs, 22 mRNAs, and 6 miRNAs were included in the constructed ceRNA network. Results: In total, 554 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 1775 mRNAs and 40 miRNAs were selected for further analysis.
Rosetta stone activation error 8812 software#
LncRNA/mRNA/miRNA ceRNA network was constructed by Cytoscape v3.0 software based on the differentially expressed RNAs Survival package in R was used to perform survival analysis. Biological processes and pathways functional enrichment analysis were performed based on the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) database. The Empirical Analysis of Digital Gene Expression Data package in R (edgeR) was used to analyze differentially expressed RNAs. Methods: A total of 183 PCC samples and 3 control samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas database were analyzed. In this study, we investigated the pathogenesis of PCC and whether lncRNAs acting through ceRNAs networks were associated with prognosis. Background/Aims: Accumulating evidence has shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks play crucial roles in tumor survival and patient prognosis however, studies investigating ceRNA networks in pheochromocytoma (PCC) are lacking.